Dr Setka Essays - African-American Literature, Beloved,

Dr Setka English 101 11/ 26 /16 History and Memory in Beloved' by Toni Morrison As a novel that was written after the American Civil War (1865), Beloved' centers on the power of history and memory. It recalls the incidents of American slaves, particularly the former African-American slaves in the novel. The author, Toni Morrison, is a renowned African-American scholar who specializes in black fiction. In the book, Morrison explains how the past is a dreadful memory that slaves willfully and desperately try to forget. However, for Sethe , the main character of the novel, slavery memories cannot be escaped. The past continuously haunts her, for instance, the spirit of her deceased daughter, Beloved, whom she had murdered, appears back to her. The author, Morrison, borrows the events in the novel from the real story of Margaret Garner. Just like Sethe , Garner escaped slavery and killed her child in order not to allow slave owners to own her child . Morrison chooses Sethe as a protagonist who resembles the black voices that have been historically denied the freedom of language. From the novel, there are a lot of lessons that can be derived, however, the most notable one comes from Sethe's experience that to progress, we must confront the ghosts' of our pasts. The notion that Morrison raises is that America must address the history of slavery to confront it; this manifests itself even today in ongoing racial discord and discrimination. In this light, the purpose of this paper is to discuss on history and memory as revealed in the Beloved.' The paper will consider some of the main examples as depicted by the characters such as in Sethe and Paul D's relationship. Even though the novel was written in 1987, the author intended it to be regarded within the historical context of African-American slavery. Sethe and her family were victimized as slaves back in 1855, and the novel was written as a response to the harsh Fugitive Slave laws that gave slave owners the power to go after their slaves in different states. A study of the novel reveals that Morrison had a growing concern for reconstructing the history of African-American slaves. The communal history of struggle is crucial because it defines the past and the present. The historical transitions can, for instance, be seen when Paul D recalls the events after the civil war when black people became homeless. "After the war, we saw Negroes hungry and stunned. It was a wonder. They had hidden in caves and fought owls for food..." (Morrison 78). As an act of historical recovery, Morrison writes the novel to get hold of the past by remembering the ancestors and collecting the painful memories of the past. Additionally, the ghost beloved' has a historical context in that it resembles the African-American woman whose stories were never told or shunned. Generations of women were hunted and stolen from Africa, and as such, the character Beloved is the haunting symbol of slavery. She represents the pain, anguish, and misery that African-American women have long suffered in history. Notably, in the novel, before Paul D reconciles with Sethe at the end, he realizes that Beloved reminds him of his past. While they get intimate, Paul D's mind is filled with the memories from the past that reminded him of his slavery experiences. Also, as seen at the end of the novel, a common phrase that Morrison uses is "this is not a story to pass on" (Morrison 324). By this, the author implies the need to move forward. She realizes that to tell the tales of slavery; one must recall the past then move forward. This is a message to the American audience to confront the memories and horrors that have befallen the black people through reconfiguring the past in the present ( Khatan 107). Memory has not also been exempted in this juncture. The main character, Sethe is haunted by her personal histories as well as the history of other people. For Morrison, the theme of memory and the past is significant. Forgetting the past would be like forgetting American slavery ever existed. Sethe suffers through beloved who is the physical manifestation of her memories.

The Shakespeare Authorship Controversy

The Shakespeare Authorship Controversy Could William Shakespeare, the country bumpkin from Stratford-upon-Avon, really be the man behind the World’s greatest ever literary texts? 400 years after his death, the Shakespeare authorship controversy continues. Many scholars simply can’t believe that William Shakespeare could have had the necessary education or life experiences to have written such complex texts–he was, after all, just the son of a glove maker in a rural town! Perhaps at the heart of the Shakespeare authorship controversy is a more philosophical debate: can you be born a genius? If you subscribe to the idea that genius is acquired, then believing that this little man from Stratford could acquire the necessary understanding of the classics, law, philosophy, and dramaturgy from a brief stint at grammar school is a stretch. Shakespeare Was Not Clever Enough! Before we begin this attack on Shakespeare, we should clearly state at the outset that there is no evidence to support these claims–in fact, the Shakespeare authorship conspiracy theories are largely based on â€Å"lack of evidence†. Shakespeare was not intelligent enough: The plays contain a deep knowledge of the classics, yet Shakespeare did not have a university education. Although he would have been introduced to the classics at grammar school, there is no official record of him attending.Where are his books?: If Shakespeare did amass knowledge independently, he would have had a large collection of books. Where are they? Where did they go? They certainly were not itemized in his will. Whilst the above may be a convincing argument, it is based on lack of evidence: records of pupils at Stratford-upon-Avon Grammar School have not survived or were not kept and the inventory part of Shakespeare’s will has been lost. Enter Edward de Vere It was not until 1920 that it was suggested that Edward de Vere was the real genius behind Shakespeare’s plays and poems. This art-loving Earl carried favor in the Royal Court, and so may have needed to use a pseudonym when writing these politically charged plays. It was also deemed socially unacceptable for a noble man to be involved with the lowly world of theater. The case for de Vere is largely circumstantial, but there are many parallels to be drawn: 14 of Shakespeare’s plays are set in Italy – the country De Vere traveled in 1575.The early poems are dedicated to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, who was considering marrying De Vere’s daughter.When De Vere stopped writing under his own name, Shakespeare’s texts soon appeared in print.Shakespeare was heavily influenced by Arthur Golding’s translation of Ovids Metamorphoses – and Golding lived with De Vere for a while. In The De Vere Code, Jonathan Bond reveals ciphers at work in the mysterious dedication that prefaces Shakespeare’s sonnets. In an interview with this website, Bond said, â€Å"I suggest that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the sonnets – and the dedication at the beginning of the sonnets was a puzzle created for the recipient of the collection of poems. The ciphers fit the pattern of wordplay that was widely in evidence amongst writers during the Elizabethan era: they are simple in construction and all of immediate significance to the recipient †¦ My contention is that Edward de Vere was simply entertaining the recipient while avoiding explicitly naming himself in order to prevent a possible embarrassment over the intensely personal nature of the poems.† Marlowe and Bacon Edward de Vere is perhaps the most well-known, but not the only candidate in the Shakespeare authorship controversy. Two of the other leading candidates are Christopher Marlowe and Francis Bacon – both have strong, dedicated followers. Christopher Marlowe: When Shakespeare started writing his plays, Marlowe was killed in a brawl in a tavern. Up until that point, Marlowe was regarded as England’s best playwright. The theory is that Marlowe was a spy for the government, and his death was choreographed for political reasons. Marlowe would then have required a pseudonym to continue writing and developing his craft.Sir Francis Bacon: Cryptic ciphers were hugely popular at this time and supporters of Bacon have found many ciphers in Shakespeare’s texts concealing the identity of Bacon as the true author of Shakespeare’s plays and poems.

Entrepreneurship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Entrepreneurship Management - Essay Example k of sufficient market information which reduces the entrepreneur’s confidence in the potential of the identified opportunity and it makes them increase their risk perception. Entrepreneurship is starting a business from a point where one has to come up with the idea first, then starting up the business and managing it for a long term. For the entrepreneur to come up with such an idea he/she has to be creative. The government imposed rules like paying labor regulations, foreign trade regulations, high taxes, price control among other regulations to start a new business appear to be one of the major obstacles experienced by the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur might have the capital to start a business without the knowledge of the high taxes imposed by the government and upon noticing he/she shies off to avoid losing much of his wealth. Entrepreneurship is a process which a particular person undertakes to organize a risky activity aimed at getting some interest. These activities could vary from trading, giving services and starting an industry. Being afraid to fail is a strong impediment to entrepreneurship. This fear is as a result of the entrepreneur risking to start an investment with his/her money without knowing whether the business will yield. As a result of fear many people who would have ventured in entrepreneurship keep away from it. There is also issue of business monopoly which is as a result of all profitable and successful businesses being ruled by few very wealth and well-connected families. These families practice unfair competition thus monopolizing successful businesses and make them not to grow beyond a certain limit. These new entrepreneurs are either forced to sell their businesses to those monopolists or leave the business. Entrepreneurship refers to the way one thinks and acts by forming a business organization which provides goods and services aimed at economic gains. The change of investment policies, regulations and laws mostly leads to a

Behaviorists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behaviorists - Essay Example According to Guthrie such change could be achieved if a person is determined to replace the old behavior with something new instead. This could be achieved employing his suggested methods to include the threshold means, exhaustion, and incompatible response approach. Guthrie’s idea of threshold adjustment states that behavior of a person can change if the stimulus is weak or could be tolerated. For instance, people who smoke may not be elicited to puff a cigarette if he can indulge reducing the number of sticks a day until eventually he would endure not to smoke. The threshold method is further reinforced through sidetracking. This is avoiding the cues that may compel undesirable behavior (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) such as avoiding friends who smoke. Another helpful strategy is adopting the exhaustion mechanism which suggests repetition of the habit until the person feels the anguish of fatigue. An example would be to let the person smoke until he coughs or get sick. Such reac tion to smoking habit enables him to ultimately give up the habit. Equally important strategy is the use of incompatible response. Allowing the person to chew gum helps forge the link between the habit to smoke and the relief from smoking. Despite the proposed methods above, habits are hard to break. This is attributed to the familiar neural pathways involved.

Soil mechanics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Soil mechanics - Lab Report Example n-drained and drained were undertaken on the undisturbed soil samples to determine the shear strength parameters under drained and drained condition for the given soil sample from where the building will be constructed. Basing on the results, it is evident that the bearing capacity of the silt soil was much less as compared to the cohesion less soil ultimate bearing capacity. In this regard, the building codes permit higher bearing pressure for less cohesion soils like sand as compared to that of plastic soil (silt). Tri-axial tests are laboratory testing techniques mostly applied to obtain shear strength parameters for different types of soil under un-drained and drained condition (Alshibli and Sture 2000). Conventional test entails a cylindrical soil sample which is subjected to radial stresses as well as axial displacement or controlled increases in axial stresses. Usually, the cylindrical soil specimen is of 200m height and 100 mm diameter. Preparation of specimen is based on the type of soil. For shear failure, the soil grains usually slide over each other along the failure surface hence there is no crushing of grains. At failure, along the failure surface, the shear stress reaches the shear strength. Basically, soils are known to be frictional materials. The strength is based on the stress applied whereby this stress is controlled by effective stresses and here water pressure is needed (Alshibli and Sture 2000). Also soil strength is based on drainage whereby different strengths can be mea sured for a certain soil that can deform at a given constant volume (un-drained) as well as deform without having pore pressure that is excess (drained). Angle of friction (Ã ¸) and Cohesion (c) are generally not soil constant parameters. They are based on the soil initial state and the loading type (drained or un-drained) (Widulinski et al., 2009). The specimen was enclosed vertically with a thin rubber membrane then later put between two rigid ends in the pressure

Properties of Heat and Temperature

Properties of Heat and Temperature Heat is the transfer of energy from one body to another due to the difference in temperature between the two. A hotter object placed next to a cooler object will always transfer heat from itself into the cooler object, until both objects are of equal temperature. For example, when we place ice cubes in hot water, the heat from the hot water transfers to the ice cubes. This transfer of heat energy will continue until equilibrium is reached between the hot water and the ice. Heat is a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another. It is not conserved; it can be either created or destroyed. There are two general ways that heating can occur: from a temperature difference, with energy moving from the region of higher temperature, and from an object gaining energy by way of an energy-form conversion. The SI unit of heat is the  joule. The metric unit of heat is called the calorie (cal), which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5oC to 15.5oC. The English systems measure of heating is called the British thermal unit (Btu), which is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit. Some examples of heat energy are: chemical energy from the foods is converted into heating our bodies; light from the sun is converted to heat as the suns rays warm the earths surface; energy from friction creates heat, like when we rub our hands; in light bulbs, electrical energy is converted into heat energy, etc. What is temperature? Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness of a body. For example, a hot oven is said to have a high temperature, and the ice is said to have low temperature. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles, atoms or molecules, making up a substance. Temperature can be measured using a thermometer. It is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. What is the relationship between heat and temperature? Heat and temperature is not the same thing, but there is a relationship between them. When heat is introduced to a certain substance, its molecules start moving faster and collide with one another, which produce more heat and the temperature of the substance goes up. This implies that heat introduced to a substance, changes the temperature of the body. This relationship between heat and temperature can be explained by a property called specific heat,  c, which is defined as the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius. Where  Q  is the amount of heat needed,  m  is the mass of the material,  c  is the specific heat of the material, and ΔT  is the change in temperature. From the above equation, the amount of heat needed is proportional to the temperature change, which means more heat will be needed to raise the temperature of the cool water and less heat will be needed to raise the temperature of the warm tea. How are they different? Heat and temperature are most definitely linked one another, but they are not same. Heat is the measure based on total internal energy, internal kinetic energy and internal potential energy, of the molecules of an object, whereas temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness and coldness of an object, a measure that is based on the average molecular kinetic energy. Heat is measured in joules (J) or calories (cal.) and temperature is measured in degrees on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. Heat is an extensive property, while temperature is an intensive property. Heat depends on mass or quantity of the substance, whereas temperature does not depend on the quantity of matter. For example, if the boiling temperature of water is 100 °C, it will remain the same whether we boil one liter or 50 liters of water. But the amount of heat generated when we boil 1 liter of water is less as compared to heat generated when 50 liters of water is boiled to 100 °C. What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? The heat capacity is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius. It is a measure of how much heat the object must gain or lose to change its temperature by a given amount. The SI unit for heat capacity is J/K (joule per Kelvin). In the English system, its units are British thermal units per pound per degree Fahrenheit (Btu/oF). The heat capacity differs from substance to substance. The amount of substance is directly proportional to the heat capacity. This means the amount of a substance (mass) determines its heat capacity; the more quantity of a substance or the greater the mass, more heat it would gain or lose to change its temperature by 1C. For example, it would take more heat to warm the pitcher of water by 1C than to warm a cup of water by 1C. The heat capacity also depends on the nature or type of material of which the object is composed; different materials require different amounts of heat gain or heat loss to change their temperature by 1 °C, even if they have the same masses. For example, it takes 1 calorie of sunlight to warm 1g of water 1 °C, whereas, it only takes 0.2 calories to change the temperature of 1g of soil by 1C Heat capacity might depend on the temperature of the object or the atmospheric pressure. For a gas, heat capacity would depend on whether pressure was being held constant during the heat gain or loss, or whether the volume was held constant, or neither.

Prejudice Essay -- essays research papers

For this oral history paper I was very excited to find someone with a quite interesting and culturally diverse family background that I think would contribute a lot to the topic of prejudice and stereotype. This paper will discuss the views of stereotype and prejudice of my interviewee and also how the two factors have affected her life. Brown (1995) defines prejudice as a negative attitude, emotion, or behavior towards members of a group as a result of their membership of that group. This negative attitude, emotion, or behavior that we project toward members of a particular group is influenced by the attitudes of others around us and the norms of our ingroup. In this paper I would try to use the interviewee’s stories which in many instances are filled with treatments of prejudices and stereotypes coming from herself and others. The person I interview is FDG, a 23 year-old female college student with a Motion Picture/Movie Production at the Academy of Art in San Francisco. FDG was born and raised in Jakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesian and her mother is from Turkmenistan (formerly part of the Soviet Union). Her father comes from a very religious (Moslem) family in Sumatra and it was quite a horror to his family when he decided to marry a foreign Jewish girl (her mother then converted to Islam when FDG was 7 years old). FDG comes from a very comfortable economic background, both her parents are chemical engineers. FDG said that she grew up in a very sheltered environment where almost every she needed were provided for. As a child of a mixed raced couple, FDG becomes a member of the minority group in the country she was living in where most couples come from similar economic, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. FDG now acknowledges that during her childhood and adolescence she had encountered and experienced stereotyping and prejudice. Because Russian is her first language, in kindergarten she was teased by her friends for not being able to speak Indonesian fluently and looking different than the others. â€Å"I’ve always hated my blonde hair,† says FDG, â€Å"one time a friend accused me of being an albino Indonesian†¦ I guess he couldn’t accept the fact that I had a Russian mother with blonde her too!† In the 4th grade she got into a fight and punched a classmate after he yelled, â€Å"Go back to where you belong†¦ you Russian terrorist!† FDG remarks that looking ba... ... being categorized in the Chinese group. FDG knows what it feels like to be prejudiced against, without realizing it she still cannot help from being a prejudiced person herself towards certain members of one group (Chinese Indonesians). Like many of other native Indonesians, she also has adopted some prejudiced views against Chinese Indonesians. When I ask FDG if she realizes that she is treating this particular group with the same stereotypes and prejudices that she was treated with while she was living in Indonesia, she says yes. FDG said that she acknowledges it but later on comments that she cannot help but be influenced by the perception of the majority. Although FDG may always encounter prejudices and stereotypes in the future, she now know that it is important to get to know a person based on their intelligence and not by their ethnic backgrounds. Now that she is living in a more â€Å"international† environment such as San Francisco, I think FDG is now able to broaden her perception towards prejudices and stereotypes and hopefully she will finally come to terms with her own diverse heritage and not have negative perceptions regarding others that are different from herself.

Poem Paraphrase paper Essay

When Richard Cory entered the business district all of the townspeople would stand aside and watch him. He was trim and clean cut. He was very rich and knowledgeable. He was also extremely privileged. The townspeople wanted to be him. They continue to work their lives away. One day Richard Cory killed himself. This brief summary of Edwin Arlington Robinson’s â€Å"Richard Cory† does not capture the true emotion and irony presented in the original poem. It excludes many uses of connotation, which help the reader build a clear mental picture. In the paraphrase it uses far more words to explain what exactly is happening in Richard Cory’s life. The poem â€Å"Richard Cory† is known for its use of irony and word association. Throughout the poem Robinson’s use of phrases such as â€Å"imperially slim†, â€Å"from sole to crown†, and â€Å"schooled in every grace† give you a strong mental image of what Richard Cory looks like and how he presents himself which certainly leaves you feeling as if he is of royalty. There are also many other royal connections such as the use of the line â€Å"He was rich-yes, richer than a king-† and also just by the main characters name alone, which is composed of the word Rich. Richard is also the name of many kings as well. In the paraphrase it fails to present certain word associations that readers would pick up on in the poem. Instead of using words that aid your imagination in the right direction it is very blunt for example by saying â€Å"He is very rich and knowledgeable† doesn’t quite leave the same effect as saying, â€Å"admirably schooled in every grace†. I do feel though that in the paraphrase it is far more shocking when Richard Cory’s suicide is announced because there is no clear foreshadowing presented. Where as in the poem it hinted as if he were only perfect on the surface by entering the line â€Å"In fine, we thought he was everything†. This leaves the lingering impression that something is truly wrong underneath his perfect exterior, which the paraphrase fails to capture. The summary is far less descriptive when it comes to the reveal of Richard Cory’s death. For example when you learn about his suicide in the paraphrase all that you are able to infer is that he took his own life. Where as in the poem it goes into greater detail by telling the reader exactly when and how the suicide was committed by saying â€Å"And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, Went home and put a bullet through his head†. Thepoem leaves much room for the reader to infer certain things by hinting and using vocabulary to portray a certain image. The line announcing his death has many contrasting meanings in itself to exemplify the pure irony of the entire poem. It mentions a calm summer night, where as the night was anything but calm for him. When summer is read it is typically used to portray light and happiness and by saying that it was night eliminates the meaning. It uses the word calm to present the idea that everyone else in the city was relaxed whilst Richard Cory was feeling desperate in the dark night. Without these connotations in the paraphrase it lacks the dramatic effect in the reveal of his Cory’s death. In the beginning of the poem it refers to the townspeople being on the pavement, which is typically lower than the sidewalk, already putting Cory above the working class. Since already reading through this poem many times it becomes clearer and clearer that Richard Cory was attempting to reach out to someone the entire time but everyone was much too intimidated to respond to him. It mentions that he was â€Å"always quietly arrayed† and also that he was â€Å"always human when he talked† which gives us the impression that he still remained a true gentleman in contrary to the amount of money he may posses. The poem states â€Å"but still he fluttered pulses when he said â€Å"Good Morning†Ã¢â‚¬ . But it never suggests that anyone ever responded to Richard Cory even though he seems to be reaching out by always remaining down to earth and easy to talk to. These desperate attempts at communication are defiantly not portrayed in the summary of the poem at all which fails to revel his desperation that also foreshadows his death. The poem begins with the townspeople idealizing Richard Cory to them realizing that they are stuck as workers that must go â€Å"without the meat, and curse the bread† which is most likely where they will remain for their entire lives. In the first line of the poem it refers to Richard Cory going â€Å"downtown† which insinuates that he must of previously of been uptown which leads you to believe that is where he lives, on the richer side of the city. Throughout the poem you get a sense that the townspeople respect Richard regardless of the royal connotations. A paraphrase is good in bad in the sense that it lacks certain word associations that present a clear mental image for the reader and by the way that it sums up a poem in its purest form by eliminating many connotations and examples that help show the bigger picture in the poem. Robinson uses dramatic irony to present the message that not everything is what it seems. These workers spend their lives wishing for everything that they think Richard has when in reality they have no idea the emptiness that his life consists of. The summary of the poem lacks the emotion portrayed in the story as well as eliminating many hidden details that foreshadow the events. The poem develops the story in a mysterious forces the reader to dig deeper into the character as well as the meaning while a summary disconnects you from the characters in the poem. Altogether a paraphrase lacks the emotional intensity as well as depth distilled in original poetry.

Free Essays on Wordsworths Nature

worth’s word ch... Free Essays on Wordsworths Nature Free Essays on Wordsworths Nature Wordsworth’s Nature In most of Wordsworth’s poetry he seemed to try and make the reader aware of their environment, of their dependence on it for health, sanity and ultimate happiness. He wanted to nature to confirm that love, joy and beauty were not just fragile human values but cosmic absolutes. Often Wordsworth used unique methods of sensory perception as well as combining the physical world with nature on a more personal, subjective level. Much of his poems use these and other techniques to display the possibility of living contently, looking within nature for inspiration and fulfillment. Wordsworth’s poem Animal Tranquility and Decay, which he wrote in 1798, merely twenty-eight years into his existence, displays his early realization of such perceptions. This poem uses a oblivious man walking as a subject to demonstrate the possibility of absolute happiness outside of physical pain. Animal Tranquility and Decay represents a connection between nature, as the physical world, a nd how we live (or the subject of the poem in this case) as a result of it. Wordsworth begins the poem with an simple image. A useful technique to introduce the physical setting of the poem. The little hedgerow birds, That peck along the roads, regard him not. He travels on, and in his face, his step, His gait, is one expression: every limb, The image of this man walking and the birds not paying him any mind, not caring about his presence, is very effective in beginning to create the character’s personality. This is not unlikely for Wordsworth to develop the personality of the characters in his poems with a minimal amount of words and although it is not always possible to decipher whether or not this is intentional, it is none the less effective in turning the poem into something more personal for the reader. Even Wordsworth’s word ch...

Equality is promoted in sikhism Essays

Equality is promoted in sikhism Essays Equality is promoted in sikhism Essay Equality is promoted in sikhism Essay The word Sikh means pupil in the Punjabi linguistic communication. Sikhs are pupils and followings of Guru Nanak ( B. 1469 ) , the laminitis of the Sikh tradition. Guru Nanak was succeeded by nine Gurus or holy instructors. Since 1708, the Sikh Guru has been their spiritual Bible, the Guru Granth Sahib. There are over 20 million Sikhs worldwide, doing Sikhism the 5th largest organized faith in the universe. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sikhnextdoor.org/students/learn ) This essay will try to measure ways in which equality is promoted, to accomplish this, is critical to overlook at some of the instructions of Sikhism. One of the chief facet of Sikh practical response to equality can be found in the instructions of the Gurus get downing with Nanak, the first Guru, who after he had a powerful mystical experience, in which he received a Godhead naming to convey people to an consciousness of God, said there is no Hindu, there is no Muslim . This brief statement give us a glance of a new get downing procedure towards equality, get downing from understanding unity ( Shackle and Arvind,2005, pg.43. ) . The instructions of the Gurus are non set as philosophical pacts or codifications, but as poesy with a strong devotional prominence, which is designed to be sung or recited. Sikhism does non deduce from any established credo, it does non contend any predating one. Sikh doctrine and faith are enlighten from within the Indian heritage. Far from disassociating it wholly from Hinduism, they have accepted the Hindu pantheon of Supreme beings without any difference. Lakshmi, Durga, Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu are celebrated divinities in the vocals of the gurus. There is no effort to deny their being or deity. The attempt is merely to set them as lesser divinities functioning the supreme Lord. ( KAUR RAIT, 2005, pg.17 ) Sikhism preaches a message of devotedness and recollection of God at all clip, true life, and equality of world. Because of this Sikhism is unfastened to all through the instructions of its 10 Gurus enshrined in the Sikh Holy Book and the life Guru Sri Guru Grand Sahib. The Sikh doctrine and instructions put great accent on the importance of seting others before oneself. where ego exists there is no God. Where God exists there is no ego . ( Guru Nanak ) It promotes a classless society, giving more importance to virtue than wealth. The position of an person should be determined by workss or virtues non by category place. All should be treated as equal irrespective of their material resources. Guru Arjun Dev said, The wisdom of God looks upon all likewise, such as the air current that blows likewise for the common man and the King . ( W.H. McLeod, 1999, pg.32 ) The Sikh construct of equality applies of course to both adult male and adult females and is promoted through the instructions and practises of the Gurus. Sikhism advocates sex equality and agreements adult females an equal topographic point in society. At the emerging of Sikhism the Gurus condemned patterns prevalent in India in the 15th century which undermined adult females, such us the gauze of adult females, sati and female infanticide. Sikhs allowed adult females to remarry, and Guru Nanak condemned the usage to have on the head covering. in India sati and female infanticide were merely lawfully abolished in the 19th century. Sikh Gurus allowed adult females free, unrestrained and equal engagement in the religious every bit good as societal life, in fact they give adult females what should ever been theirs anyhow ; full equality to take part to spiritual services, to be equal spouses in matrimony and household life. If some of the work forces protested that adult females were nescient, the Gurus said allow them show their ignorance. Sikhism is a practical faith and has nowhere ignored facts. It recognises that adult females can talk out of ignorance, but so can adult male. ( Nanak,2006, pg.150. ) The accomplishment of equality is farther demonstrated in the ceremonial usage of the Khalsa a signifier of baptism. New Members, male and female alike are committed to continuing the Rahit ( Sikh codification of moralss and rites ) and assist the community. The importance to Sikhs for equality is besides manifested in the Langar Meal ( Community Kitchen ) is portion of the act of worship and is a really of import facet of Sikh life, it was instituted for a societal issue, as the society was divided into many castes and the difference between Hindus and Muslims. It was made compulsory by Sikh Guru that merely when 1 would sit down at the same degree as the other and eat together that one can fall in the Sangat ( Company of Holy ) .Thus, the cookery, cleansing of dishes and helping of nutrient happens with everybody involved irrespective of their background. All of them sit on the land, as it is consider to be leveled and eat nutrient. These public activity were considered impossible amongst the rule of the category witting Indian society. Where harmonizing to purification system, sharing of nutrient, drink and utensils touched By person from a lower caste was considered as made impure. ( Nesbitt, 2005, pg 32. ) The pattern of Langar repast is still in consequence at Gurudwara ( Sikh topographic point of worship ) . Another given name for langar is Pangat, Sikh households consider it s a privilege to supply the langar and function it to others. ( Mayled, 2002, pg.12 ) On human rights, Gurus rules of equality was a natural thing that came from their religion. God loves us without differentiations of caste, credo, coloring material and sex. Equality implies tolerance of differences, bing in frock, nutrient, usage and so on. For Sikh the province as a critical function to play in the formation of an ideal society. It is ever stressed that whoever roles over the province should ever be a dispensers of justness and equality and must neer exert their authorization despotically. They are responsible to God the Supreme Sovereign, for all their actions. They are merely agent commissioned to regulate in the mode of Plato s ; with justness, kindness, understanding and advance the public assistance of their people. They are to carry on their maps, as a authorization from God. To this last position the Sikh Gurus gave a radical bend by underscoring that whoever regulations is non responsible to God entirely, but to the people as good, for whose good they are set up by God. Therefore if a swayer deviates from the way of justness and responsibility, it is merely to offer opposition to his incorrect making. ( O.P.Ralhan,1997, pg.72 ) The Sikh faith Teachs that life continues after decease in the psyche and non in the physical organic structure. Therefore the last act of giving and assisting others through variety meats contribution is both consistent with and in the spirit of Sikh instructions. ( Benedetti, 2008, pg.57 ) To restart we can decidedly state that from the beginning, Sikhism give adult females equality with work forces non merely in religion`s personal businesss. Both attend services as equal members and behavior services, to work together In fixing and functioning for the communal repast. They portion equal duties in all the societal and cultural activities at the gurdwara. Sikh adult females and work forces take portion on equal footings as president, secretaries, and activities organisers. The Sikh Gurus neer said that adult male and adult females should play precisely the same function in every country of life. They thought that work forces and adult females should esteem and value every bit the different functions that each undertakes. In the Sikh matrimony vows accent is on common fidelity, and this once more brings to our heads in another practical competition the word equality ( Singh,1998, pg.22. ) . In position of all that has been presented so far, to many of us the ideal of equality to which Guru Nanak appealed the people in the 15th century significantly could function as a theoretical account in our ain twenty-four hours an age, and could give a new significance, a new way, a new genuineness to our ain cause of equality chartered merely in recent decennaries in the West. Bibliographies: ENRICO BENEDETTI,2008, Living Donor Organs, McGraw Hill companies USA CHRISTHOPHER SHACKLE and ARVIND PAL SINGH MANDAIR,2005, Teaching of the Sikh Gurus, Published by Routledge,70 Madison Ave, New York. KANWALIJT KAUR SINGH, 1998, Sikhism for today, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England NESBITT E. , 2005, Sikhism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England NIRMAL NANAK, 2006, pg.150, Sikh doctrine and faith, New down imperativeness group publishing house, Slough, Berkshire, England O.P.RALHAN,1997, The great Gurus of the Sikh, Anmoul publications, New Delhi India. SATWANT KAUR RAIT, 2005, Sikh adult females, Trentham books Limited, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England. W.H. MCLEOD, 1999, Sikhs and Sikhism, Oxford University imperativeness, New Delhi ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sikhnextdoor.org/students/learn.html ACCESSED ON 7/04/2010

Why are the division of labour and the factory so controversial Essay

Why are the division of labour and the factory so controversial - Essay Example Division of labour is an approach used in completion of tasks. This normally involves the breaking down of a complex task, into many simpler tasks, which are then handled by different workers. These workers work on the parts of the task, which they are specialized in; as these are the tasks, they are assigned. According to Sabel (1982), division of labour has both positive and negative influences on workers and factories. These effects are both social and economic in nature. The controversy surrounding division of labour in factories has however, been a historical issue. In this paper, I will focus on the works of different scholars, including Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor, Karl Marx, among many others, whose contributions to the concept of division of labour contributes to the controversial debate on the issue. I will compare and contrast their approaches used to address division of labour in factories, and its effects. Adam Smith first used the term division of labour, in his work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. He defined division of labor as the process in industries, where the process of manufacturing is divided into simpler and specific operations that are assigned to particular workers to handle. Smith supported the process of division of labour, citing that this process is capable of more productivity in a factory, compared to those factories that do not employ division of labour in their operations. He also attributes division of labour to the increase of judgment and skill level in workers (Smith 1976). Although Adam Smith was not responsible for coining the term division of labour, or the first to address the concept, his ideas and thinking on the effects of division of labour had an impact on the other thinkers that came after him, including Karl Marx (Hill 2004). Different thinkers show different perceptions toward division of labour, which are both positive and negative. Adam Smith was positive about division of lab our, but did not focus on the long-term effects of division of labour (Hill 2004). The contribution of Adam Smith to the effects of division of labour remains important today. He focused on the analysis of the benefits of this process, based on its approach of job specialization. Smith argued that division of labour was beneficiary to both factories and workers, as it boosted independence of workers (Hill 2004). Smith considered specialization detrimental to workers. Although this serves to reduce the quantity of work, Smith identified other negative effects of specialization. First, he argued that when a worker is restricted to only particular aspects of a job, this also restricts their natural inventiveness. Additionally, this impairs the worker’s physical capabilities (Smith 1976). This also limits their use of physical strength in performing different duties, since they are physically programmed to perform only specific duties. Smith also notes that, this turns workers in to automated machines, as like machines; they only have one line of duty to perform. Smith did not however, recommend any solutions. He believed that specialization was a natural process, which cannot be avoided by humans, but which humans can adapt to (Smith 1976: Hill 2004). Smith (1976) considered division of labour as responsible for propagating social inequality and exploitation of workers. When masters are in disputes with their workers, the workers are the losers. However, Smith believed that in specialization, workers had the opportunity to be their own bosses, therefore, also had the chance to leave work in the factories, and go

Team and Team Processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team and Team Processes - Essay Example Every staff in a medical institution regardless of their role should have an ethical responsibility of pointing out errors when they detect one (Grant, 2011). The experience in the case of Nurse B is caused by acts of neglect and imperfection. In the medical field, the level of imperfection should be close to nil to avoid exposing patients to risks. In the work compiled by Marshall (2010), the act of regret in a medical institution may be caused by a fatal of occurrence in the practice. To avoid such scenarios, nurses are called upon to be vigilant in pointing out problem and errors whenever they detect one. According to Grant (2011) nurse should make sure that medical practices are well mitigated from risks. This can be done by reporting any medical change in patients to the appropriate doctor, asking for assistance in case of doubt when administering medical services and following the instructions provided by the doctors almost perfectly (Marshall, 2010). At this point the importan ce of teamwork and processes are important. Each member of a specific team should ensure that every other member of the group is operating on the required and appropriate instructions (Marshall, 2010). Nurse B raised concerns about the responsibility of nurses and their reaction to problems and errors. From the complaints, one could easily argue that some nurses feel not obligated to point out errors committed by the senior staff or the doctors. In creating awareness on this issue, the nurse should be equipped with the responsibility of effectively pointing out an error regardless of the position of the staff involved. This can be done by effectively increasing the level at which doctors and health instructors value the concerns of the nurses. Another intervention may be creating working groups in an institution comprising on one senior staff who could speak n behalf of the other nurses. As seen in the work of Marthaler & Kelly (2010) nurses feel more comfortable to report to a respondent.