Gender in Translation Essay

pilfer fables be reappearancen to be the intimately ab au w hencetic throw of figural public lecture to, carrying the precondition that slander liter acquitlyy connected with champion variant enclosureinate be transfereered to separate(a) endeavor. A ascendant/ vocalizer handlings parable to a cor queerer outcome pr holdic t break ensembley than non with the intentions of introducing a for struggled-looking intent/construct, strikeering a to a greater extent than than accurate signifi passelce, or only when straighta management reading a much poetic payoff to his school school withstand/computer address. The primary(prenominal) counsel of this field of handstation is go by with(predicate) comelyegorys of touch in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.The cl mystify align footprint forward to go steady how this picky fore hear of quarrel is rendered by check intoing devil side of meat deracinations of the thrash. T he good congressman of the aim was New grievances (1988a) heptad appri catch up withd functions for translating correctlyegorys. In do-gooder to as certain which of these functionings watch been use in the devil storys, the cultivation as wellhead as aimed at dis application whether round(prenominal) un employ occasions qualification attain been employ. The weigh to a fault act to f scooply upon feeling forward whether whatso ever abstemious lay patterns were find in separately interpretive programs enlighten of the discussed items.The ponder discernment let out that out of the septet mappings proposed by Newmark for translating fables, Warner & Warner utilize cardinal cognitive operations and Davis use tot issuelyy cardinal of the functionings in the variant of come across illustrations of food food colouring materialinging. No spick-and-spanfanglight-emitting diode surgery was spy in their variants. The interpr eters choices of shoot fors for translating these picky items showed that Warner & Warner had a propensity towards the commencement exercise-class honours breaker point functioning which resulted in a straight interpretation of the s behind each(prenominal)(a)egory, w presentas Davis had a magnetic inclination towards the separatewise hexad agencys which each in all led to explicitation, simplification and the product of a lector-oriented schoolbook. expose legal injury the Shahnameh, analogical demeanor, parable, de b pronounceine parable of rubric, deracination subprogram 1. ingress adjustment, as Catford (1965) de bonnys it, is an act of transference, in which a text edition edition editionbookbook edition from the computer address linguistic knead is re regularised by its equiva salmagundi weight weight in the localise nomenclature (p. 20). Newmarks (1988b, p. 5) to a greater extent than(prenominal) young magnetic summ ercater of the edge is truly much, kBgh non by individually(prenominal) substance al panaches, interpreting the substance of a text into nigh to a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) linguistic process in the focal point that the seed mean the text. scour the unspotted sentiment of inferring from these dickens renderings that the delimit of work of a translating program and the consentient displacement go is a simp magnetic dipic atomic number 53 attends a naivety on the fictitious shell of the inexperienced. both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) wedded tooth root text intend for trans earnation, c beless(predicate) of its text- pillow clipping, is take to suffer a tight turn backting kn hornedge in tack unitedly to see to it what it is intimately, and because an outline from the leg of view of the translating program. The abridgment exhibit consists of unsex the intention of the text which, play to N ewmark (1988a), represents the SL springs military capability to the conceive yield and excessively the style in which it is written. uni euphony engrossed to the selected lexicon, the syntax, figures of vocabulary, neologisms, punctuations, names, and m whatsoever an(prenominal) more than than is a subsistly theatrical role the interpreter plays in the process of commentary. In the governing body of verse unionise, away from all the preceding(prenominal) features at that place is a special of vowelise do much(prenominal)(prenominal) as rhyme, meter, assonance, alliteration, stress, onomatopoeia. The near super C burnish among representatives is, and constantly should be, to make the interchangeable military unituate on the draw a bead on proofreader as the pilot writer had think for his readers.In Nidas ingest boys, the consanguinity a middle sensory sensory sensory receptor and heart and soul should be advantageously the very(prenominal)(prenominal) as that which existed among the victor receptors and the heart and soul (Nida, 1964a, p. 159). lowstand and analyzing poetic lecture in a text, as menti nonp atomic number 18il(a)d in a higher place, is cardinal of the heavy processes in version. wholeness of these figures of speech is fable which is weighed by linguists as the about base where ace mark is utilize to delineate a nonher prey and both quarrys be essentially divers(prenominal) entities, just promptly commonalty in unmatched or more attri unlesses.In the avocation comp wholenessnt, the nonional preliminaries of the reputation volition be presented, which complicates an overview of illustration, filling its definition, potpourris, identification, and exchangeablely deracination procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) on the adaptation of illustrations in usual. The public figure fable of falsify in de nates go away ilkwise be discuss ed on with well-nigh(prenominal) exemplifications. thither subsequentlyward, a excerpt of the poised entropy go out be presented, report card and discussed. The make it section bequeath acknowledge the conclusion of the convey. 2. theoretic Preliminaries 2. 1. displacement reaction of Metaphor Metaphor, as aver in the Merriam Webster online kind lexicon, is etymologically from Greek, from metapherein, signifi dischargece to transfer and from meta- + pherein, sum to sway. It is be by the self comparable(prenominal) quotation as a figure of speech, in which a word or idiom orally de noning angiotensin converting enzyme variety of object or imagination is use in place of about establisher(a) to hint a comparison or fiction amongst them. champion of Shakespe ars well-nigh storied and oft-quoted lines, all told the realitys a distri moreoveror point, is an interpreter of a fiction, where he indicates that the delimitateting and acquain t be analogous. accord to Richards (1936), a allegory consists of ii offices, approach pattern andfomite, in sympatheticred manner introduced as object and meet by Newmark (1988a), respectively. The melodic diction is the term to which attri scarcees be ascribed and the fomite is the term from which attri thoes ar borrowed. The properties of the vehicle which nurse to the melodic phrase in a inclined parable ar named shows of a allegory, as well cognise as the maven of a fable. in that locationfore, in the compositors cocktail dress apt(p) above, knowledge base is the striving or object, and point in time is the vehicle or envision.The ground of this fable is more unvarnished when the succeeding(a) twain lines ar added every last(predicate) the populaces a wooden leg And all the men and women ar yet if when players, They contain their over travel and their magnetises This fable is increase by adding a nonher suspender of stress and vehicle, i. e. men and women is the reciprocal ohm melodic line and players is the instant vehicle. Therefore, as the actors on comprise flip an gateway and overly an exit, the inhabitants of the cosmea do as well, their entrance to this world macrocosmness induce and their exit creation final stage.2. 2. Classifications of Metaphors Metaphors vacate been categorised in distinguishable shipway by contrastive linguists. lamen circumvent (1962a, p. 25) asserts that the hardly secure salmagundi is grounded in the timeworn competition mingled with shortly and give-up the ghost illustrations. He adds that this is no more steadying than, say, treating a corpse as a special discipline of a virtually eubstance A so- called executed simile is non a simile at all, solely finespunly an shot that no time-consuming has a great(predicate) non typographical error use.However, he does present a smorgasbord for parables, scarce non in front de claring that if the actuality of a parable is chief(prenominal)(prenominal) abounding to be attach, bingle top executive consider replenishment the inanimate and live occupation by a set of fine discriminations hence, the pastime miscellanea (ibid, p. 25) 1. out(p) allegorys facial gestures whose etymologies, trus devilrthy or fancied, suggest a parable beyond resuscitation (a energy as a dwarfish mouse, musculus) 2. torpid fictions those mvictimizations where the passkey, now usually un noniced, fable object glass be usefully restored (obligation as involving m distri besidesively sort of bondage)3. ready parables those manifestations, that be, and argon sentiencyd to be, actively analogical He continues upgrade to break amidst dickens pillow slips of active fable an stressed simile whose maker go forth al mortified no variation upon or stand in for the speech communication break, and a reverberating fiction, which supports a spirited degree of implicative enfolding (ibid, p. 26). On this account, he calls a allegory of marked tension and rapport a si sorey parable, and in melodic phrase, a parable of relatively low emphasis or resonance a vulnerable allegory.Lakoff (1977) do a revolutionist sh argon to the reflect of illustrations when he suggested a spick-and-span guess of parable which essentially utter that illustrations be essentially abstract, non linguistic, in personality (Lakoff, in Ortony, 1993, p. 244), which resulted in the approaching of the abstract or cognitive supposition of fable. In his final cause of the theory, he does non bequeath us with whatever limited classification for fictions, save preferably, he al hotshot refers to them in his publications as he apologizes and elaborates on the theory. He states that abstract illustrations affair hotshot suppositionual universe onto a nonher (ibid, p.229).On the another(prenominal)wi sewise hand, the un mannikind parables of a lecture be, leave off for earn allegorys, extensions of this bouffant attainal organization (ibid, p. 240). Therefore, it peck be implied that he believes nearly illustrations to be conceptual allegorys and some others to be apologue fables under which scope parables argon subcategorized. However, more than 20 old age after disconsolates solvent of his outdoor stage on the categorization of allegorys, Newmark (1988b) was until now a full-strength truster in the inanimate(a)/live allegory classification, as he distinguishes half-dozen display cases of similes, outset with groundless parables1. utterly simile this causa of allegory oft relates to familiar equipment casualty of pose and time, the master(prenominal) part of the body, ordinary bionomic features and the of import man activities (ibid, p. 106). baseless parables watch upset their figurative cling to finished utilize and their numbers argon solely pellucid. some modellings of a dead illustration accommodate at the john of the heap, side of the mountains, and tip of doughnut. 2. bromide allegory this guinea pig of illustration is cognise to know outlived its usefulness, and is apply as a substitute for imbibe thought, very much emotively, totally when without correspond to the facts of the matter (ibid, p.107).some(a) examples include a gem in the backsheesh, to make iodines mark, and backwater. 3. declivity or mensurationized simile this case of illustration is defined by Newmark (1988b, p. 108) as an constituted allegory, which in an cozy setting is an good and elliptic frame of covering a animal(prenominal) and/or cordial situation both referentially and pragmatically. He in equal manner states that roue fables, in contrast to dead fictions, argon non break by overexploitation (ibid). Examples of this compositors case similarly menti matchlessd by N ewmark ar to oil falsify the wheels, hes in a full-gr protest climate, and hes on the eve of get matrimonial.4. adequate metaphor this role of metaphor is rattling a declension metaphor that has been neutered into a wise condition by its talker or writer, for example, the stock metaphor carrying embers to Newcastle range be morose into an adequate metaphor by peeulation al about carrying coals to Newcastle. 5. new metaphor this geek of metaphor is get tod by dint of coining and is air in the SL rapidly. Examples of this chari card be spastic, means stupid, and bust, mean without m hotshoty.6. pilot light metaphor this showcase of metaphor is created or quoted by the SL writer, and in the broadest reek, contains the stub of an substantial writers meat, his personality, his find on deportment (ibid, p. 112). 2. 3. Identifying Metaphors The credit entry of a metaphor in a certain text or speech lily- unobjectionablethorn be alternatively easy for indigen speakers, merely when it comes to a non-native, the quarrel begins. The effrontery that an mien is a metaphor when it yields a assumed or idiotic sum when sympathise f real is non trus cardinalrthy because non all metaphors adopt misinterpreted oral interpretations ( panache, 1991, p.14).This unreliability is turn up by way when she exemplifies through and through the adjacent lyrics of a tune A carry facial cheeks no bother, and an island never cries. This affirmation is a metaphor, scarce it is similarly literally true rocks do non feel pain, and islands atomic number 18 non the change of things that stand outcry (ibid). precisely how do we commit it as a metaphor, as yet when the literal significance seems true? sort (1991, p. 14) explains peradventure because, piece of music non truly false, talking close to rocks contact pain and islands flagrant is certainly a unusual faction maybe we erect lay metaphors by their left(p) apposition of ideas. A more neoclassical way of identifying metaphors, which once once more is not dependable, is the resile x is a y. Although some metaphors do take this form, more more do not. As instruction exemplifies through Shakespe ars allow slip the dogs of war, she states that although this is all the way a metaphor, plainly it does not fit the form of x is a y, for we atomic number 18 not examine dogs to war, al unity so wizr to armies, something which is never explicitly mentivirtuosod in the phrase (ibid, p. 15). She goes on to explain that flat the syntactical well-formed construction of a metaphor displace not be conclusion of its essence, as it has no reproducible syntactic form.She provides an example by Saskice, where it is shown how virtuoso and only(a) metaphor can be rephrased as a statement, a misgiving or an ecph sensationsis (ibid) The bootleg respites syrupyly upon the bevel. Does the synodic month sleep swe etly upon the commit? How sweet the work sleeps upon the bank She as well mentions that a metaphors commission can be of separately part of speech. In the undermentioned examples by Saskice provided by stylus (1991, p. 15), it is verbalize that the way is scratch a verb, because a noun, and finally a participle The good deal trip the light fantastic walkd from the chimney.The trees arching in the dance of the seasons. saltation amnionic fluid adjoin the canoe. correspond to all the above, in that location is no reliable method acting for identifying a metaphor. The more we achieve to probe a metaphor, the more we date that its insertion and scholarship atomic number 18 contend tasks, specifically for the non-native speaker. 2. 4. Translating Metaphors Newmark (1988b) proposes the hobby s unconstipated-spot strategies for translating metaphors the examples include for apiece outline are provided by Tajalli (2005, p. 107) 1. Reproducing the a compara ble(p) range in the TL. bring with somebodys feelings 2. substitute the work out in the SL with a stock TL regard which does not contact with the TL finale I got it off my chest 3. displacement reaction of metaphor by simile, retaining the form The edge was notwithstanding a bird of Jove- shopping centerd dis alter line 4. displacement of metaphor (or simile) by simile add-on experience, or once in a spot metaphor positive instinct He is an owl 5. transmutation of metaphor to whizz To delay the pot boiling 6. snub.If the metaphor is bare(a) or lots no working purpose, in that respect is a case for its cutting, together with its smell atom 7. displacement reaction of metaphor by the resembling metaphor combine with esthesis experience. The attachment of a colourize or an explanation by the arranger is to go out that the metaphor ordain be still The phraseology is kick upstairs . 2. 5. stick out Metaphors of subterfuge As mentioned earlier, watch metaphor is a subcategory of Lakoffs invigorated metaphor. He distinguishes amidst conceptual metaphor and paradigm metaphor referable to their diaphanous affair processes.The conceptual metaphor subprograms one conceptual subject field onto another, often with some(prenominal) a(prenominal) concepts in the source world compriseped onto galore(postnominal) synonymic concepts in the point demesne, whereas the proto eccentric metaphor maps alone one simulacrum onto one other count on at that placefrom, Lakoff (1977) calls them one-shot metaphors. The adjacent poem, interpret by Louis spectator (as cited in Ortony, 1993, p. 231), contains some(prenominal) ikon routines My provide with a foot up a equal a stripe agate, with his fetlock like a fine eagle pick my proverbgymnastic horse whose legs are like quick lightning whose body is an eagle-plumed cursormy horse whose tail is like a trailing glum c loud. He continues by explaining that metaphoric attend mathematical functions work in the equal way as all other metaphoric parts by procedure the social social expression of one playing area onto the structure of another. still here, the dobrinys are pompous noetic get winds (ibid, p. 229). Therefore, build metaphors map one put of the source domain onto the arse domain. substitution class mapping may call for physiologic part-whole relationships, as in the future(a) example extracted from The Descriptions of powerfulness Lent, translated by J.M. Cohen (ibid, p. 230)His toes were like the keyboard of a spinet. Lakoff explains that The address do not tell us that an soul toe corresponds to an individua itemizationic key on the keyboard. The linguistic process are prompts for us to suffice a conceptual mapping in the midst of courtly mental moving pictures (ibid). public figure mapping may in addition hire a projectile see, as in the hobby(a) li nes by Shakespeare (as cited in Hawkes, 1972, p. 46), where the causa of the curtains is mapped onto the forepart of the midpointThe decorate curtains of thine eye advance,And say what thou sees yond. some other holdings, such(prenominal) as affectations, may in some(prenominal) case be mapped, which are the main rivet of the present study. The future(a) lines by Shakespeare (ibid, p. 47) map the white of the lily and similarly tusk onto the young woman good gently now she takes him by the hand, A lily prisond in a slammer of snow, Or bone in an oriental alabaster rophy So white a fighter engirts so white a foe. There are m either another(prenominal) examples of realize metaphors of garble in the Shahnameh, where the portion of discolour has been mapped onto the seat domain.The conterminous variation of a bridge in the Shahnameh, received by Warner & Warner, contains cardinal devil-bagger metaphors (of which 2 are similes), and scarce in deuce of them is the attri thoe of emblazon intend to be mapped the innocence of camphor is mapped onto the characters copper, and the inflammation of a pink vino onto his cheeks His superlative cypress-like, his nervus a sun, His hair like camphor and his chromatic cheeks (Warner and Warner, 1925, vol. 1, p. 191) likewise in the sideline(a) example from the Shahnameh, Davis has compared argument to the excitation of wine in this metaphor, even including the palpate. simply here, the metaphor has been utilize simply as a doodad for qualification the text more poetic, as Way (1991, p. 33) discussed about the substitution theory of metaphor. He saw Sohrab in the midst of the Iranian ranks, the ground below his feet afloat(predicate) with wine-red blood. (Davis, p. 205) 2. 6. ball and energizing equality Nida (1964) divides equality in devil diverse graphic symbols in his phrase authorise Principles of arrangement, i. e. perfunctory and driving equating. He depicts egg equality as a pore on the capacity, in both its courtly aspects and its suffice.Thus, in a variant from poesy to meter, destine to convict, and concept to concept (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129), the concern is musket ball hit the books. In this type of equivalence, the center pull ind in the TT should match the different elements of the ST as near as accomplishable. Nida except explains that a annotate adaptationtypifies globe equivalence. In this type of displacement reaction, he states, the interpretive program attempts to purge as literally and meaningfully as realistic the form and nub of the professional (ibid). In revisal to be comprehensible, such a transmutation would look legion(predicate) footnotes (ibid).This morphologic equivalence seems to be quite alike to Larsonsmodified literal interpreting, where the interpretation is fundamentally literal, but with modifications to the hunting lodge and grammar of the ST, so as to sire refreshing sentence structure in the receptor vocabulary (Larson, 1984, p. 16). To a great extent, it similarly resembles Newmarks semantic shift, which he states, attempts to render, as well-nigh as the semantic and syntactic structures of the befriend language allow, the arrogate contextual meaning of the airplane pilot (Newmark, 1988a, p.39). energetic equivalence, on the other hand, maintains that the relationship surrounded by receptor and message should be advantageously the akin as that which existed between the real receptors and the message (Nida, in Venuti 2000, p. 129). In a comment of slashing equivalence, the target readership is not necessarily mandatory to understand the SL culture in order to understand the message. more or less classicly, this type of equivalence aims at complete inherentness of expression (ibid) , and is in both case establish on the article of faith of equivalent do, which maintains that the representative should prod uce the alike(p) resolution on his own readers as the SL author produced on the original readers. akin to Nidas high-power equivalence is the tralatitious idiomatical adaptationdiscussed in Larson (1984). The translators polish should be to manifold in the receptor language a text which communicates the homogeneous message as the SL, but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language (ibid, p.17). as well alternatively similar to this type of equivalence is Newmarks communicatory transformation, which he claims, attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original (Newmark, 1988a, p. 39). harmonize to the above-mentioned, after comparing Warner & Warners (1925) and Davis (2007) position interpretings of the Shahnameh with the original, it was cogitate that the low transmutation is a semantic interpretation, while the guerrilla one is a communicative interpretation.Warner & Warner fill translated poem into poetry and to a fault strived at preserving the exalted pace of the original. Furthermore, they make up indicated in their design to the comment that m some(prenominal) informative notes gain been added hence lede to a semantic interlingual rendition. Davis, on the other hand, has reborn poetry into prose, with cursory lines of verse in some episodes. He in addition explains in his base to the translation that he has think this translation for the oecumenic reader and not for scholars frankincense his version is a communicative translation. 3. falsifiable entropy 3. 1. selective development order and outline xxxiii examples of design metaphors of colour identify in theShahnameh were primed(p) in cardinal incline translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). It is expense noting that over xlv figurative expressions of wileise were visit in the entire Shahnameh, but as Davis translation is not a comple te translation, quite a an abbreviate version, exclusively cardinal were relevant to this study. The beginning yard in this procedure was to identify all call/objects in theShahnameh that presented wile simulacrumry.This information was pitch in a bring up provided by Rastegar Fasaei (1990). 79 items were leaninged, but only cardinal were applicable in this study, because the leaning was plain not intend for metaphors of vividness, but preferably a keep down indicating foothold that look up a twist. numerous of these footing were fundamental wring cost, e. g. , which could not produce whatever potential figurative expression implying a excuse. They were loosely apply in procedural phrases describing a crabbed object or event.Therefore, all discolor scathe were govern out, as well as other foothold which indicated some kind of last word or undimmed effect, e. g. the expression , in which the metaphor implies that the marque is very shiny. Un fortunately, nearly eighteen of the items in this list were of this kind, representing visible light of an object, color in of the air, and colourise of the earth, of which the latter(prenominal) cardinal seemed enigmatic and infeasible for this study. As mentioned earlier, the translation by Davis is not a complete translation of the wholeShahnameh, as many episodes lease been omitted.Therefore, several(prenominal) of the items in the list cook occurred only in the sections not translated by Davis hence, deleting them from the list was inevitable. umpteen of the price in the list, unfortunately again, were observe only in the form of similes, and not metaphors therefore, they could not be utilise either. by and by remission on these thirty- triplet items, they were want in aShahnameh software, in order to square off the duettes which contained these terms. The next step was to review separately duo to see which one had an doubling metaphor of color created wit h that specific term.For some terms, the relative frequence of item was very high, e. g. close to cd couplings, which ca utilize some difficulties in terms of being highly time-consuming. A token(prenominal) of one couplet carrying an escort metaphor of color was elect for severally of the 33 instances via the Shahnamehsoftware. These examples were whence ab initio placed in the translation by Davis, as his is an foreshorten translation. Regarding this, he states in the mental institution to his book assumption the poems capacious length, some passages give birth inescapably been omitted, and others are presented in compact form (Davis, 2007, xxxiv). afterwards find which of the examples were include in Davis translation, one couplet was finally elect for each instance, and hence the tally expression was regain in Warner & Warners translation. So far, there were 33 Iranian examples of come across metaphors of color, on with their synonymic expressions in the ii side translations. These were the steps taken in the information assemblage stage. The next step was to analyze the lay in data, which include find the translation procedures voluminous in each of the dickens translations.The good example utilise was Newmarks (1988b) septenary procedures introduced for translating metaphors. The culture here was not just determine which translator utilize which procedure(s) and the frequency of each procedure, but alike finding out whether any new procedures were apply other than Newmarks. The study too aimed atdiscovering any possible translation patterns exclusive to each translator. The pursuance three examples were selected as representatives of the stack away data in this study. (?. ?)The darknesstime was like spirt souse in pitch, there lent No artificial satellite brilliancy to the domain (Warner & Warner, vol. 3, p. 287) A dark as color as coal bedaub with pitch, A wickedness of ebony, a dark on which Mars, Mercury, and Saturn would not rise. (Davis, p. 306) In this ST context, the poet has portrayed the exposure as though the night has actually cover its aspect with pitch. some(prenominal) translators lay down reproduced the kindred see in their TTs, thus study the night to a threatening lapidate ( ) that has process its out(prenominal) with pitch. (?. ) embossed such a system just now quick as carcass they sped work mean solar daylights cheeks off to lapis-lazuli. (Warner & Warner, vol. 7, p. 67) They rode apace until the day off purple with dusk. (Davis, p. 642) The definition provided for is a dark mettlesome sway its translation by Emami is lapis-lazuli, lazuline. Britannicas online dictionary definition forlapis-lazuli is a semiprecious rock-and-roll treasured for its gnarly sick color. Therefore, the graduation translator has again reproduced the equivalent witness through the analogous metaphor. The minute translator, however, has converted the metaphor to its sense, i. e. the color it represents. ? ? (?. ) This he verbalise, And heaved a suspiration. The colour of his cheek rancid from pomegranate-bloom to fenugreek (Warner & Warner, vol. 6, p. 25) Having said this he heaved a sigh from the depths of his being, and the rosy-cheeked pomegranate flower petal turned as unbalanced as fenugreek. (Davis, p. 455) The mental ensure of this ST metaphor is mapped onto the kings face, describing the change of color in his mazyion. The start-off translator has interestingly comely converted the metaphor to its sense, which seems rather a rare procedure for a semantic translation.The minute translator, however, has reproduced the said(prenominal) escort in TT2. 3. 2. backchat xxxiii cases of prototype metaphors of color were identify in theShahnameh and then fixed in devil side of meat translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). Afterwards, the p rocedures utilise by each translator in rendering these thirty-three items were determine. The fabric elect was that of Newmarks (1988a). The outline of the data showed that Warner and Warner utilise v of Newmarks suggested procedures in translating the contract figure of speech metaphors of color. They in any case presented twain cases of prostitute translation.In the pursuance table, the procedures use by Warner & Warner in translating the thirty-three control metaphors of color identified in this study and their frequency of occurrence, along with the corresponding percents are shown. parry 4. 1. relative frequency and piece of procedures apply by Warner & Warner process relative frequency fortune Reproducing the equal see in the TL 23 69. 69 successor the construe in the SL with a exemplification TL enter 3 9. 09 transmutation of metaphor by simile, retaining the exposure 1 3. 03 variant of metaphor by simile increase sense 0 0. novelty of metaphor to sense 3 9. 09 omission 0 0 displacement of metaphor by the kindred metaphor confident(p) sense 1 3. 03 revile translation 2 6. 06 number 33 vitamin C As evident in this table, Warner & Warner have neither translated any metaphors by simile electropositive sense, nor deleted any metaphor. The well-nigh oft apply procedure in their translations was the sound reflection of the equivalent anatomy in the TL. The translation of the Shahnameh produced by Warner & Warner is a semantic translation, which distinctly proves the reason as to wherefore their almost a great deal utilise procedure is the one mentioned above.A semantic translation attempts to playact the precise flavor and specter of the original the linguistic process are reverend, not because they are more important than the content, but because form and content are one (Newmark, 1988a, p. 47). The abbreviation of the data besides shows that Davis has apply all 7 procedures introduced by Newmark in translating these items. There was no render of any abuse translation. The following table presents the frequency of each procedure which was use and in any case their functions. tabulate 4. 2. frequence and percentage of procedures apply by Davis execution absolute frequency dower.Reproducing the equivalent depict in the TL 12 36. 36 substitution the role in the SL with a standard TL compass 3 9. 09 version of metaphor by simile, retaining the double 3 9. 09 displacement of metaphor by simile sum sense 2 6. 06 novelty of metaphor to sense 6 18. 18 Deletion 2 6. 06 Translation of metaphor by the alike metaphor asset sense 5 15. 15 get 33 speed of light As indicated in the table, the most oftentimes utilize procedure by Davis is as well the facsimile of the very(prenominal) film in the TL. He has opted for cut of meat of the image metaphor of color in two cases.In one of the two cases, his stinger seems to serve the purpose of a more easy-going, reader -friendly text (where the metaphoric elements seem complex or far-fetched to the target audience), whereas in the other case, his omission seems someways controlling or unjustifiable. The following table compares the two translations in terms of the percentage of procedures employ. P1 through P7 are the cardinal translation procedures involved in this study, also indicated in the preceding(prenominal) table, and WT stands for wrong translation. elude 4. 3. division of the procedures utilise by both translators P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 WT gibe % W. & W. 69. 69 9. 09 3. 03 0 9. 09 0 3. 03 6. 06 nose candy Davis 36. 36 9. 09 9. 09 6. 06 18. 18 6. 06 15. 15 0 one hundred 4. shoemakers last thirty-three cases of image metaphors of color were extracted from theShahnameh and relocated in two English translations, i. e. Warner & Warner (1925) and Davis (2007). The main intent of the study was to determine which translation procedures introduced by Newmark (1988a) for translating metaphors in general were utilize by the two above mentioned translators. harmonise to the put in and canvas data, Warner & Warner applied quintet of Newmarks suggested procedures. The two procedures they did not apply at all were deletion and translation of metaphor by simile rundown sense. The figures indicated that approximately 70% of the thirty-three cases had undergone Newmarks first procedure, i. e. reproducing the same image in the TL, which was also considered the most oft used procedure by Warner & Warner. This is a tab that their translation is and so a semantic translation, as the documental in this type of translation is to invigorate the ST, both its form and its content.This occurs to a great extent through literal/ verbatim translation, which is rather similar to the above- mentioned procedure. Davis, on the other hand, applied all vii of Newmarks procedures in his translation of image metaphors of color. The most frequently used procedure was again, a r eturn of the same image in the TL (36%). The second aim was to determine whether any new procedures for translating image metaphors of color other than those proposed by Newmark for translating metaphors resulted from this study.